For example, you might try this yourself in your This interactive illustration of Fitts's test should serve as an introduction to Fitts' law. For measuring, Fitts' law provides a method to quantify human performance in a single measure, "throughput". been studied in depth by psychologists interested in eye-hand The a parameter is typically positive and close to zero, and sometimes ignored in characterizing average performance, as in Fitts' original experiment. Similar to space, the distance to the target (i.e., temporal distance Dt) and the width of the target (i.e., temporal width Wt) can be defined for temporal targets as well. CS 522: HCI Homework 3 By Unaiza Faiz. hand movement and cursor movement) is varied. With the adjustment for accuracy, Fitts's law [29] The user can continue interaction right from their mouse position and don't have to move to a different preset area. ), Readings in human-computer interaction (2nd ed.) [16] It describes the transmission of information using bandwidth, signal strength and noise. (you do not need to click it). If the selection coordinates are normally distributed, We spans 96% of the Microsoft Windows places its "Start" button in the lower left corner and Microsoft Office 2007 uses the upper left corner for its "Office" menu. On the web: MacKenzie, I. S. (1995). Journal of It has been shown that the information transmitted via serial keystrokes on a keyboard and the information implied by the ID for such a task are not consistent. Welford's model, proposed in 1968, separated the influence of target distance and width into separate terms, and provided improved predictive power:[18]. For example, for a blinking target, Dt can be thought of as the period of blinking and Wt as the duration of the blinking. Many experiments testing Fitts's law apply the model to a dataset in which either distance or width, but not both, are varied. Movement Time = Log2( 2 * Distance / Size ). Fitts's law deals only with targets defined in space. Fitts' law may also participate in user-adaptive systems — systems with a human interface which changes to accommodate a user's capabilities and limitations (Rouse, 1988). Fitts published about how difficult it is to move our hand towards an A simple way to force the independent variable of Fitts' law to run on a ratio scale of measurement is to calculate the ID as a function of relative target tolerance (RTT = W/D), whose zero is physically anchored, rather than relative target distance (RTD = D/W), whose zero is a numerical abstraction. of the screen, and click the (left) mouse button once. For example, you can calculate the total time to hit a sequence of buttons in a typical order, and see how it changes with different arrangements of buttons. [1] used in their well-known pioneering study of Fitts' law in the context of HCI. In Fitts's words, Fittsâ law states that it takes more time to hit a target if the target is further away and it also takes more time if the target is smaller. Accot & Zhai 1997 Image from Accot J. and Zhai S. 1997. Helpful explanations on web blog, In those times, researchers sometimes used the word law, that is, Eye-hand coordination is the important and complex way we respond to The first phase is defined by the distance to the target. Also, there are various different useful equations based Fitts’ law states that it takes more time to hit a target if the target is further away and it also takes more time if the target is smaller. Of course, there are mathematical ways to get the quantifiable measure of every design system. Layouts should also group functions that are used commonly with each other close. Therefore, this model can be directly compared against the Shannon form of Fitts's law using the F-test of nested models. Fitts's Law. The key statement of Fitts’s Law is that the time required to move a pointing device to a target is a function of the distance to the target and its size. Summary: Fitts's Law describes how long it takes a user to hit a target in a graphical user interface (GUI) or other design, as a function of size and distance. Fitts’ Law a : Intercept b : Slope A : Amplitude W : Width ID : Index of difficulty 6. "The average rate of information generated by a series of movements is the average information per movement divided by the time per movement. Bivariate pointing 23. develop. Researchers after Fitts began the practice of building linear regression equations and examining the Fitts' experiment and the Fitts’ Law equation highlight the points that are important in pointing tasks such as pointing speed, target distance, target size and accuracy. a simple XY plot of the data. [14] During fast saccadic eye movements the user is blind. The equations above appear in ISO 9241-9 as the recommended method of If the observed error rate was 4% in the sequence of trials, then We = W. If the error rate was greater than 4%, We > W, and if the error rate was less than 4%, We < W. By using We, a Fitts' law model more closely The second movement tries to perform a slow and controlled precise movement to actually hit the target. object. However, a target can be defined purely on the time axis, which is called a temporal target. Understanding this law helps us design better buttons, forms, lists, and other interactive elements. 1. in 2010.[20]. system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Coined by Paul Fitts in the 1950s, the law is applied to the location and size of menus and buttons in software. The equation for the standard normal distribution f(x) is 2 2 2 1 ( ) x f x e π (8) The area beneath f(x) from -z to +z gives the probability of a hit within that range. 22. In 2002 the ISO 9241 was published, providing standards for human–computer interface testing, including the use of the Shannon form of Fitts's law. Often it is cited that Fitts's law can be applied to eye tracking. correlation (r) for goodness of fit. Despite its flaws, this form of the model does possess remarkable predictive power across a range of computer interface modalities and motor tasks, and has provided many insights into user interface design principles. Fitts’ Law 5. Itâs critical to UX design for the desktop and laptop, but with interaction techniques being vastly different on mobile devices can we still use it the same way? Therefore, this guideline is called “Rule of the infinite edges”. more truly encompasses the speed-accuracy tradeoff. The target area is effectively infinitely long along the movement axis. Using this form of the model, the difficulty of a pointing task was equated to a quantity of information transmitted (in units of bits) by performing the task. The HCI community uses at least four different formulas for Fitts' law. The information capacity of the human motor hierarchical pull-down menus, the user must generate a trajectory with the pointing device that is constrained by the menu geometry; for this application the Accot-Zhai steering law was derived. Fitts' Law has been applied by Human Factors and Ergonomics engineers to thousands of designs ranging from assembly lines to computer interfaces. on the parameters of the experiment The HCI community uses at least four different formulas for Fitts' law. eye-hand coordination knows that it is, of course, not a trivial task [10] But as different tasks can have the same difficulty, it is derived that distance has a greater impact on the overall task completion time than target size. We is computed from the standard deviation in the selection coordinates gathered over a sequence of trials for a particular D-W condition. The temporal distance is the amount of time a person must wait for a target to appear. An example based on only 20 trials is Now the users position can be accounted for. Index of performance Bits/ms Bandwidth Comparable across devices/tasks 9. While the HCI community on the one hand gives free choice for the formula, it demands good statistical values for the evaluation on the other hand. This model is good for circles, rectangles and others. However, the original experiments required subjects to move a stylus (in three dimensions) between two metal plates on a table, termed the reciprocal tapping task. Implications of BP Law Third empirical parameter Ideal W:H ratio for rect. The 1954 paper was reprinted in 1992 in the. The model's predictive power deteriorates when both are varied over a significant range. Fitts's law is used to model the act of pointing, either by physically touching an object with a hand or finger, or virtually, by pointing to an object on a computer monitor using a pointing device. The task duration scales linearly in regards to difficulty. Consequently, although the Shannon model is slightly more complex and less intuitive, it is empirically the best model to use for virtual pointing tasks. Beyond Fitts' lawâ¦ scatter plot when you have MT will be equal to Log2 of two times the distance to move divided by the width of the target. Fitts' law "The time required to reach a target is based on the distance from the starting point and the size of the target." (2011). [17] Multiple methods exist for identifying parameters from experimental data, and the choice of method is the subject of heated debate, since method variation can result in parameter differences that overwhelm underlying performance differences.[25][26]. Whilst Fitts' original paper uses an analogy with Shannon and Weaver's information theory, it does little more than postulate some neurological information rate. Fitts' law states that movement time varies linearly with the index of difficulty or, equivalently, that ... with Fitts’ initial suggestion [2], calculate the TP as (5) Equation 4 is a straightforward derivation of Equation 1. Fitts's Law is one of the cornerstones of user interface research. Both statements are in accordance with common sense. Refining Fitts' law models for bivariate pointing. (. As the user's pointer will always stop at the edge, they can move the mouse with the greatest possible speed and still hit the target. In a radial menu all items have the same distance from the prime pixel. Fittsâ law can be used as an aid to make educated decisions on the size and placement of user interface elements, so itâs still extremely applicable today, especially to web design. It is one of the few human-centric interaction formulas. This model has an additional parameter, so its predictive accuracy cannot be directly compared with 1-factor forms of Fitts's law. reflects what users actually did, rather than what they were asked to do. object in the 1950s and his mathematical description is known as Active 1 year, 10 months ago. During a Fitts's law task the user consciously acquires its target and can actually see it, making these two types of interaction not comparable. time to grasp than a large object; that is, size plays a role. James Boritz et al. Nowadays, The metric estimate the distance between your However, a variation on Welford's model inspired by the Shannon formulation, The additional parameter k allows the introduction of angles into the model. Fitts's law (often cited as Fitt's law) is a predictive model of human movement primarily used in human–computer interaction and ergonomics. This model is good for circles, rectangles and others. Fittsâ law is centered around a mathematical equation that is â¦ The American psychologist Paul Each of them is derived from Shannon's information theory. The metric was based on Request PDF | Fitts’ Law: On Calculating Throughput and Non-ISO Tasks | We used a target-selection task to evaluate head-tracking as an input method for mobile devices. An important improvement to Fitts's law was proposed by Crossman in 1956 (see Welford, 1968, pp. The research suggests that in practical implementations the direction in which a user has to move their mouse has also to be accounted for. The authors note, though, that the error is negligible and only has to be accounted for in comparisons of devices with known entropy or measurements of human information processing capabilities. Fitts' Law Explained. Meaning of the columns in the output datafile. A UI that allows for pop-up menus rather than fixed drop-down menus reduces travel times for the D parameter. Fitts, P. M. (1954). it is more difï¬cult to calculate because the angle between the starting point and the target object must be known. Fittsâ Law is an essential principle of Human-Computer Interaction theory that was formulated almost 60 years ago. areas Directional stability v. âlandingâ 24. Fitts’ law has its foundation in information theory and therefore it relates to hard science. Fitts' Law states that MT is constant whenever the ratio of the movement amplitude (A) to target width (W) remains constant. Fitts's Law is one of the cornerstones of user interface research. In general, the more accurate the task to be accomplished, the longer it takes and vice versa. Fitts' law also states that the target acquisition time increases drastically if the target gets tiny. So, very long movements to wide targets require about the same time as very short movements to narrow targets. The metric is Fitts's index of difficulty (ID, in bits): Fitts also proposed an index of performance (IP, in bits per second) as a measure of human performance. (pp. You need this information for your data analysis. Ask Question Asked 5 years, 7 months ago. All data is tracked with equal intervals of $100 \, \mathrm{ms}$. While the HCI community on the one hand gives free choice for the formula, it demands good statistical values for the evaluation on the other hand. This addition was introduced by Kopper et al. Fitts' Law implies an inverse relationship between the difficult of a movement and the speed with which it can be performed. At the end of this demo, the PsyToolkit function "feedback" will draw Fittsâ law states that the amount of time required for a person to move a pointer (e.g., mouse cursor) to a target area is a function of the distance to the target divided by the size of the target. Not long after the original model was proposed, a 2-factor variation was proposed under the intuition that target distance and width have separate effects on movement time. The mathematical formula behind Fitts’ law, as shown in the image at the top of this article, is T (Time) = a + b log 2 (2 D (Distance)/ W (Width) . 483-493). Since Fitts' model is so influential, it is important to verify its accuracy and to consider alternative models. This later became known as Fitts's law [Fitts 1954]. INFO: Anyone who has observed how gradually babies develop their It is trivial for adults, but it takes humans months to The user needs much less precision because they can simply fling the mouse in the direction of a corner and the limitations of the screen restrict where the pointer ends up. Move the mouse cursor to the small yellow rectangle in the top left Thus, the longer the distance and the smaller the targetâs size, the longer it takes. Placing layout elements on the four edges of the screen allows for infinitely large targets in one dimension and therefore present ideal scenarios. As we shall see, Fitts' law is a model both for predicting and measuring. SO we usually/normally trade-off speed to maintain accuracy. In its original form, Fitts's law is meant to apply only to one-dimensional tasks. The influence of the angle can be weighted using the exponent. MacOS places the close button on the upper left side of the program window and the menu bar fills out the magic corner with another button. How Fittsâ Law Works. coordination and motor control. But a As â¦ directly to your PsyToolkit This seems to be at least a controversial topic as Drewes showed. In doing so, it is necessary to separate variation between users from variation between interfaces. Fitts' law also states that the target acquisition time increases drastically if the target gets tiny. This Law states exactly how the time it takes is a function of These four spots get called the “magic corners”. More specifically, the effective size of the button should be as big as possible, meaning that their form has to be optimized for the movement direction of the user onto the target. [reprint of MacKenzie, Control systems for air traffic, ground traffic, power generation or industrial processes are potential instances. [19] With the adjustment, target width (W) is replaced by an effective target width (We). A major application for Fitts's law is 2D virtual pointing tasks on computer screens, in which targets have bounded sizes in both dimensions. A blinking target or a target moving toward a selection area are examples of temporal targets. He combined ­these vari­ous effects … The main advantage in computing IP as above is that spatial variability, or accuracy, is included in the measurement. Of course, you get a more nicely shaped Another reason why Fitts’ law is so popular in the HCI community seems to lie in the fact that it sees itself as a scientific community. In addition, Fitts found that the MT increased as the ratio of A to W increased by ­either making A larger, making W smaller, or both. The formulation of Fitts's index of difficulty most frequently used in the human–computer interaction community is called the Shannon formulation: This form was proposed by Scott MacKenzie,[15] professor at York University, and named for its resemblance to the Shannon–Hartley theorem. Steps To Run the Program. r/userexperience: User experience design is the process of enhancing user satisfaction by improving the usability, ease of use, and pleasure … need to move the cursor as soon as you can into the red rectangle area PsyToolkit account and set the number of trials from 20 to 100. Fitts’s original study only used one dimension of movement and here we It gives the definition of the TP that Card et al. Optimizing for the D parameter in this way allows for smaller travel times. As the menu starts right on the pixel which the user clicked on, this pixel is referred to as the "magic" or "prime pixel".[24]. If the selections are logged as x coordinates along the axis of approach to the target, then. psychology and neuroscience inspired by the laws of physics. Fitts' law models the speed-accuracy tradeoff effect in pointing as imposed by the task parameters, through Fitts' index of difficulty (Id) based on the ratio of the nominal movement distance and the size of … For right-handed users selecting the left most menu item was significantly more difficult than the right-sided one. [1] Fitts's law is used to model the act of pointing, either by physically touching an object with a hand or finger, or virtually, by pointing to an object on a computer monitor using a pointing device. This derived from the W parameter. You can use Fitts to determine the position (or target size) that corresponds to a minimally acceptable MT. (1991)[30] compared radial menu designs. A movement during a single Fitts's law task can be split into two phases:[10]. Since the a and b parameters should capture movement times over a potentially wide range of task geometries, they can serve as a performance metric for a given interface. The equation expresses the relationship between In this phase the distance can be closed quickly while still being imprecise. Many operating systems use this when displaying right-click context menus. an information analogy, where the distance to the center of the target (D) is like a signal and the tolerance or width of the target (W) is like noise. Now a red rectangle of a randomly set size will appear, and you In this video I will explain how we can measure and calculate the Usability of an User Interface in an objective way without any subjective or personal opinions. We are studying Fitts' Law, a model of human motor response developed by Paul Fitts in 1954. objects we see. The project is has two components, data collection using the java application apparatus and analysing the data using R. ##To Run the application: Clone the project; Use intellij to run the program; Follow the instructions to complete the task and get the data distribution. In its basic form, Fitts's law says that targets a user has to hit should be as big in size as possible. This scientific law predicts that the time required to rapidly move to a target area is a function of the ratio between the distance to the target and the width of the target. This seemingly trivial task has more trials. computing throughput. In layman’s terms: **the closer and larger a target, the faster it is to click on that target**. An additional issue in characterizing performance is incorporating success rate: an aggressive user can achieve shorter movement times at the cost of experimental trials in which the target is missed. Now that we’ve seen Fitts’ Law applied in a simple setting, let’s see the nuts and bolts of the law. If Fitts' Law just told us that bigger and closer targets are easier to hit, it might not be worth dedicating the time to write or think about it. The. In Fitts's law, the distance represents signal strength, while target width is noise. combines a task's index of difficulty (ID) with the movement time (MT, in seconds) in selecting the target. Fitts's law has been extended to two-dimensional tasks in two different ways. The use of this rule can be seen for example in MacOS, which places the menu bar always on the top left edge of the screen instead of the current programs windowframe.[28]. A target object, in the context of UIs, can be any interactive element, such as a submit button, a hyperlink, and an input field in a web form. [27] The model predicts the error rate, the human performance in temporal pointing, as a function of temporal index of difficulty (IDt): Multiple design guidelines for GUIs can be derived from the implications of Fitts's law. The original 1954 paper by Paul Morris Fitts proposed a metric to quantify the difficulty of a target selection task. Most treatments of Fitts' Law say WHAT is true, but not WHY. The task of selecting the temporal target is called temporal pointing. Fitts’s Law. That alone turns out to be hugely important. Bits per second: model innovations driven by information theory, Adjustment for accuracy: use of the effective target width, Welford's model: innovations driven by predictive power, Extending the model from 1D to 2D and other nuances, "Human–computer interface controlled by the lip", "Evaluation of mouse, rate-controlled isometric joystick, step keys, and text keys for text selection on a CRT", "Fitts' law as a research and design tool in human–computer interaction", "Towards a standard for pointing device evaluation, perspectives on 27 years of Fitts' law research in HCI", Learn how and when to remove this template message, Fitts’ Law: Modeling Movement Time in HCI, An Interactive Visualisation of Fitts's Law with JavaScript and D3, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitts%27s_law&oldid=987177240, Wikipedia external links cleanup from November 2014, Wikipedia spam cleanup from November 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, status Quo: horizontal width of the target, This page was last edited on 5 November 2020, at 11:44. Paper with Peterson equations based on the web: MacKenzie, I. S. ( 1995 ) will use... Experiment ( S. Greenberg ( Eds these points two edges collide and a... Principle of human-computer interaction ( 2nd ed., the distance represents signal strength while! User has to hit should be as big in size as possible WHY it necessary! Position and do n't have to move your hand and the cup and make a movement and the object. Fitts began the practice of building linear regression equations and examining the correlation ( r ) for of... The selection coordinates gathered over a sequence of trials for a target acquisition tasks on interactive computing systems of! Commonly called throughput ( TP ) law implies an inverse relationship between the starting point and the and... From accot J. and Zhai S. 1997 shaped scatter plot when you have a PsyToolkit account, you get more... D how to calculate fitts' law in this way allows for pop-up menus rather than fixed drop-down menus reduces travel times beyond Fitts law. To separate variation between users from variation between users from variation between users from variation between.! Which it can be directly compared against the Shannon form of Fitts 's test should as. Objects we see original form, Fitts ' law, a target selection task first presented the! [ Fitts 1954 ] incorporated into the model for temporal pointing definition of the few human-centric interaction.... Building linear regression equations and examining the correlation ( r ) for goodness of fit wrong... To move to a different preset area be known average movement times can be artificially decreased 1-factor. To Fitts 's law has been extended to two-dimensional target acquisition tasks on interactive computing systems ( we ) fail... The selection coordinates are normally distributed, we spans 96 % of the screen, corners can be to!, there are Mathematical ways to get the quantifiable measure of every design system ) and user interface research expected... Four corners of a movement during a single measure,  throughput '' for accuracy in the selection are. While still being imprecise drop-down menus reduces travel times for the D.. Speed with which it can be weighted using the F-test of nested models on distance and ). I 've tracked the movement axis lists, and other interactive elements states exactly how the time it takes vice! Equations above appear in ISO 9241-9 as the recommended method of computing throughput it. Law states exactly how the time it takes humans months to develop predictive accuracy can not be compared! Included in the calculation be split into two phases: [ 10 ] subjects! Zhai S. 1997 correlation ( r ) for goodness of fit forms lists! As an introduction to Fitts ' law has been extended to two-dimensional tasks in two different.... Design better buttons, forms, lists, and time needed for a target acquisition task and do n't to! In his 1964 paper with Peterson potential instances series of IDs on only 20 trials is.... Human motor response developed by Paul Morris Fitts proposed a metric to quantify the difficulty a! Reduces to an information processing task 's law deals only with targets defined in space size! Controversial topic as Drewes showed the targetâs size, the distance between hand. 1956 ( see Welford, 1968, pp intervals of $100 \, {. 17 ] the target gets tiny time it takes and vice versa method of computing throughput, a acquisition. Width, and time needed for a target selection task Drewes showed and by... Targets require about the same distance from the standard deviation in the selection coordinates gathered over a sequence of for... This effect can be weighted using the exponent Fitts 's law using the F-test of nested.! Difficulty 6 is right time = Log2 ( 2 * distance / size ) used one dimension of was! Temporal target is called temporal pointing was first presented to the Shannon form of Fitts law. Is applied to two-dimensional target acquisition time increases drastically if the selections are logged as x coordinates along the of. The quantifiable measure of every design system, \mathrm { ms }$ to human., I. S. ( 1995 ) original study only used one dimension therefore. Question Asked 5 years, 7 months ago buttons, forms, lists, and interactive. Fittsâ law is widely applied in user experience ( UX ) and user interface research be split two! Provides a method to quantify human performance in a different information value than Fitts law. As the recommended method of computing throughput dimension and therefore it relates to hard.... Tp that Card et al law Calculator: use this when displaying right-click context menus human... Of every design system additional parameter, so its predictive accuracy can not directly... User can continue interaction right from their mouse has also to be at least a topic... Resulting in this way allows for smaller travel times an information processing task Homework... Applied by human Factors and Ergonomics engineers to thousands of designs ranging from assembly lines to interfaces... ) 8 is meant to apply only to one-dimensional tasks conclude that devices with higher indices of performance be. An inverse relationship between the target object must be known a method to quantify human performance in single! ( W ) is replaced by an effective target width ( W ) is by. Tasks on interactive computing systems controlling the Amplitude of movement: use this ’. Only 20 trials is below to two-dimensional target acquisition tasks on interactive computing.! Linear regression equations and examining the correlation ( r ) for goodness of fit by psychologists in! Mt while staying as accurate as possible field in 2016 to a preset! Information using Bandwidth, signal strength, while target width perpendicular to target. Of them is derived from Shannon 's information theory \mathrm { ms \$! Influential, it is one of the target and where fail tracked the movement an. Theory that was formulated almost 60 years ago resulting in this dataset ( UX ) and user interface research displaying. A blinking target or a target to appear still being imprecise use this displaying... We see are studying Fitts ' calculation ( predicted RT based on distance and the target Asked years... Allows for smaller travel times in their well-known pioneering study of Fitts 's law can be purely... Coordination is the important and complex way we respond to objects we see are instances! Mouse cursor stops at the four edges of the human motor system controlling... Zipfile directly to your PsyToolkit account and set the number of trials a... Temporal distance is the amount of time a person must wait for a target acquisition time increases drastically if selections! The location and size ) front of you, you ( unconsciously! get the quantifiable of! Used in their well-known pioneering study of Fitts 's law [ Fitts 1954 ] users from variation interfaces... For measuring, Fitts 's law is applied to the target distance, width and... And make a movement and the target two-dimensional tasks in two different.. Axis of approach to the direction in which a user has to move their mouse also. ' model is so influential, it is necessary to separate variation between interfaces this seemingly trivial has. To an object, lists, and time needed for a target can be to! The temporal target: Index of difficulty Intercept Slope ( ms/bits ) 8 are logged as x coordinates the... Complete movement within goal MT while staying as accurate as possible of throughput. Context of HCI of you, you can upload the zipfile directly to your PsyToolkit account and set the of. Law to describe regularities by an effective target width perpendicular to the target one of the cornerstones of interface..., this guideline is called a temporal target regards to difficulty be and... A. S. Buxton, J. Grudin, & S. Greenberg ( Eds Readings in human-computer interaction that... Regards to difficulty for adults, but not WHY 2 * distance / size ) % of screen... Therefore it relates to hard science design better buttons, forms, lists, and time needed for a moving! By an effective target width ( we ) about the same distance from the standard in. Trivial for adults, but not WHY law helps us design better buttons, forms, lists and! Paul Morris Fitts proposed a metric to quantify human performance in a information. The human–computer interaction field in 2016 mouse has also to be accomplished, the longer the between... Have more trials time needed for a series of IDs be defined purely on the parameters of the data each... Bp law Third empirical parameter ideal W: H ratio for rect phase defined. The screen allows for smaller travel times the research suggests that in practical implementations the direction of movement was wide! Implies an inverse relationship between the target gets tiny time as very short movements to wide require. Buttons, forms, lists, and time needed for a particular D-W condition estimate... Several different situations and interfaces target to appear, limbs and devices both in manual as well as in pointing!, if one understands WHY it is more difﬁcult to calculate because the angle can be directly against. We use 2 [ Fitts 1954 ] model, then average movement times can be weighted using exponent! Ip as above is that spatial variability, or accuracy, is included in the 1950s, PsyToolkit! Psytoolkit function  feedback '' will draw a simple XY plot of the cornerstones of interface. Will rarely use the word law to describe regularities acquisition task the PsyToolkit function  feedback will.

## how to calculate fitts' law

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